ʻO nā kaʻina transglycosidation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka D-glucose ma ke ʻano he kumu.

ʻO ka Fischer glycosidation wale nō ke ʻano o ka synthesis kemika i hiki ai ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele waiwai o kēia lā a me ka ʻenehana no ka hana nui o nā alkyl polyglucosides. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu hana me nā mana o ka 20,000 t/makahiki a hoʻonui i ka nui o nā huahana o ka ʻoihana surfactants me nā mea hana ma luna o nā mea hana hou. ʻO D-Glucose a me linear C8-C16 fatty alcohols ua hōʻoia i nā mea hānai makemake. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau educts i mau polyglycosides alkyl hoʻoikaika kino ma o ka Fischer glycosylation pololei a i ʻole ma nā ʻanuʻu ʻelua transglycosides o butyl polyglycoside i mua o kahi catalyst acid, me ka wai ma ke ʻano he huahana. Pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai mai ka hui ʻana e hoʻololi i ka equilibrium pane i ka huahana i makemake ʻia. I ke kaʻina hana glycosylation, pono e pale ʻia nā inhomogeneities i ka hui ʻana no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka polydextrose i kapa ʻia, he mea makemake ʻole. No laila, nui nā hoʻolālā ʻenehana e kālele ana i ka homogenous educts n-glucose a me ka waiʻona, he paʻakikī ke hoʻololi ʻia ma muli o kā lākou mau polarities like ʻole. I ka wā o ka hopena, hoʻokumu ʻia nā paʻa glycosidic ma waena o ka waiʻona momona a me ka n-glucose a ma waena o nā ʻāpana n-glucose ponoʻī. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Alkyl polyglucosides ma ke ʻano he hui ʻana o nā hakina me nā helu like ʻole o nā ʻāpana glucose ma ke koena alkyl kaulahao lōʻihi. ʻO kēlā me kēia o kēia mau hakina, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana ʻia me nā mea ʻokoʻa isomeric, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana n-glucose e lawe i nā ʻano anomeric like ʻole a me nā ʻano apo i ke kaulike kemika i ka wā o ka Fischer glycosidation a me nā pilina glycosidic ma waena o nā ʻāpana D-glucose e loaʻa i kekahi mau kūlana paʻa. . ʻO ka ratio anomer o nā ʻāpana D-glucose ma kahi o α/β＝ 2: 1 a ʻike ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana i wehewehe ʻia o Fischer synthesis. Ma lalo o nā kūlana thermodynamically hoʻomalu ʻia, ʻo nā ʻāpana n-glucose i loko o ka hui ʻana o ka huahana e noho nui ma ke ʻano o nā pyranosides. ʻO ka helu awelika o nā ʻāpana glucose maʻamau no ke koena alkyl, ka mea i kapa ʻia ke degere o ka polymerization, he hana maoli ia o ka ratio molar o nā educts i ka wā o ka hana hana. Ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai surfactant kamahaʻo, ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā alkyl polyglycosides me kahi degere o ka polymerization ma waena o 1 a me 3, no laila e pono ke hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o 3-10 mau mole o nā momona momona i kēlā me kēia mole o ka glucose maʻamau i kēia ʻano.

Ke emi nei ka degere o ka polymerization i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka waiʻona momona. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka waiʻona momona nui a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma o nā kaʻina hana multistep vacuum distillation me nā evaporator kiʻiʻoniʻoni hāʻule, e hiki ai ke mālama i ke koʻikoʻi wela ma ka liʻiliʻi. Pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a ʻo ka manawa pili i ka wahi wela ka lōʻihi e hōʻoia i ka distillation kūpono o ka momona momona a me ke kahe o ka alkyl polyglucoside hehee, me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hopena decomposition nui. Hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano o nā ʻanuʻu hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hakina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a laila ka nui nui o ka waiʻona momona, a ʻo ke koena momona ʻawaʻawa a hiki i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka alkyl polyglucoside e loaʻa ai ma ke ʻano he koena hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.

ʻOiai ke hana ʻia ka synthesis a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka waiʻona momona ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa loa, hiki mai ka discoloration brown i makemake ʻole ʻia, e kāhea ana i nā kaʻina bleaching e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā huahana. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i hōʻike ʻia he kūpono ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻokiʻoki e like me ka hydrogen peroxide i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai o nā alkyl polyglucosides i loko o ke ʻano alkaline i mua o nā ion magnesium.

ʻO nā ʻano noiʻi a me nā ʻano like ʻole i hana ʻia i ka wā synthesis, workup, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana e hōʻike ana a hiki i kēia lā, ʻaʻohe hopena "turnkey" kūpono no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā māka huahana kikoʻī. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, pono e hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana āpau, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia. Ua hāʻawi kēia mokuna i nā manaʻo a wehewehe i kekahi mau ala kūpono e noʻonoʻo ai i nā hoʻonā ʻenehana, a me ka haʻi ʻana i nā kūlana kemika a me ke kino maʻamau no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena, kaʻawale, a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻO nā kaʻina hana nui ʻekolu - homogeneous transglycosidation, slurry process, a me ka ʻenehana hānai glucose-hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻoihana. I ka wā o ka transglycosidation, pono e mālama ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka butyl polyglucoside intermediate, ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no nā educts D-glucose a me ka butanol, pono e mālama ʻia ma kahi o 15% i loko o ka hui ʻana i mea e pale ai i nā inhomogeneities. No ke kumu like, pono e mālama ʻia ka wai i loko o ka hui ʻana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o Fischer o nā polyglucosides alkyl ma lalo o 1%. Aia ma kahi ki'eki'e o ka wai e hiki ke ho'ololi i ka crystalline D-glucose i ho'opa'a 'ia i pu'upu'u pa'a, a laila e hopena i ka hana 'ino a me ka polymerization. Hoʻoulu maikaʻi ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka homogenization i ka hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻana a me ka reactivity o ka crystalline D-glucose i loko o ka hui ʻana.

Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā mea ʻenehana a me ka waiwai i ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano o ka synthesis a me kāna mau ʻano maʻalahi. ʻO nā kaʻina hana transglycosidation homogeneous e pili ana i nā syrups D-glucose he mea maikaʻi loa ia no ka hana mau ʻana ma kahi nui. Hāʻawi lākou i ka mālama mau ʻana ma ka crystallization o ka mea maka D-glucose i loko o ke kaulahao waiwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uku no ka hoʻolimalima hoʻokahi manawa kiʻekiʻe i ka pae transglycosidation a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka butanol. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka n-butanol ʻaʻohe mea pōʻino ʻē aʻe, no ka mea hiki ke hana hou ʻia ʻaneʻi a hiki i ke koena o ke koena o nā huahana hopena i hoʻihoʻi ʻia he mau ʻāpana wale nō i ka miliona, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻole. Hoʻokaʻawale ka Fischer glycosidation e like me ke kaʻina hana slurry a i ʻole ka ʻenehana hānai glucose e hāʻawi i ka pae transglycosidation a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka butanol. Hiki ke hoʻokō mau ʻia a koi ʻia ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wā e hiki mai ana a me nā kumukūʻai o ka fossil a me nā mea waiwai hou, a me ka holomua ʻenehana i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alkyl polyglucosides, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nui o ka mākeke a me nā mana hana. Hiki i nā ʻenehana loea kūpono i loaʻa no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alkyl polyglucosides hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka mākeke surfactants i nā ʻoihana i hoʻomohala a hoʻohana paha i ia mau kaʻina hana. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia i ka hopena o nā kumukūʻai aila kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumukūʻai cereal haʻahaʻa. No ka mea, ʻo nā kumukūʻai hana paʻa ma kahi pae maʻamau no nā surfactants ʻoihana nui, ʻo ka hoʻemi liʻiliʻi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka maoli e koi aku i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā huahana surfactants a hiki ke hoʻoikaika pono i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea kanu hana hou no nā alkyl polyglucosides.